Extended Data Fig. 1: Patterns of motion and stress on LF remain consistent across multiple FEMs derived from three additional patients (one female and two male) when compared to the previously analyzed model.

a, Hybrid loading ranging from 0 to 30 degrees of flexion from L1 to the sacrum was applied to all four models. Resulting L3/4 segmental motion and b, L3/4 LF stress were quantified and compared. c, Representative error (in standard deviation) of L3/4 segmental motion was calculated and plotted. d, Representative error (in standard deviation) of L3/4 LF stress was calculated and plotted. e, Data from the four models derived from the four different patients was combined on singular plots to demonstrate the precision of the calculations of L3/4 segmental motion and of f, L3/4 LF stress despite the varying geometries.