Extended Data Fig. 5: Mechanism of the North Pacific subtropical mode water for the cold period.
From: North Pacific subtropical mode water is controlled by the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability
a, Net heat flux (Qnet) anomaly (units in W/m2) in the cold period of 1970-1980 derived from the NCEP data set. The black box indicates the formation area (130°E-180°, 28°-35°N) and the subduction area (130°E-180°, 20°-28°N) of the mode water. b, SST anomalies induced by Ekman heat transport (shading, units in oC) and anomalous wind fields (vector, unit in m/s) in the mode water formation and subduction area during the cold period 1970-1980 derived from the Ishii and NCEP data sets.
