Fig. 1: Overview of the change of land use and climate in Great Britain across three time periods and the timeline of the environmental and species datasets used in this study.
From: Anthropogenic climate and land-use change drive short- and long-term biodiversity shifts across taxa
a, Land use in Great Britain in the 1930s to 1940s, at the end of the twentieth century (1990) and in the modern period (2015), showing an overall increase of anthropogenic land cover (urban, arable and improved grasslands) mostly at the expense of decreasing coverage of semi-natural grasslands (Supplementary Fig. 1). b, Climate change in Great Britain showing changes of temperature (average annual mean temperature) (left) and changes of precipitation (average annual sum of daily precipitation) (right) over two different time periods: long and short terms (from 1960s to 2010s and 1990s to 2010s, respectively). c, Timeline of the collected datasets for birds, butterflies and vascular plants, land use and climate data in Great Britain showing the temporal coverage of each one of the datasets and their correspondence with the three time periods of study (time 1, 1960s; time 2, 1990s; time 3, 2010s). Panel a adapted from ref. 38, Springer Nature Limited. Data credits for panel a: left, Land Use Survey of Great Britain, copyright Giles N. Clark; centre, ref. 78; right, ref. 79 (data for maps at centre and right owned by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, database right/copyright UKCEH).
