Fig. 7: Well-to-wheel carbon footprints of HyFiT fuels and the benchmark systems.
a, The well-to-wheel carbon footprint of the van powered by bio-based or CO2-based HyFiT fuel as a function of the carbon footprint of electricity. The multiple production routes for each feedstock are represented as coloured ranges. Technologies of the supply chain designs are described in Supplementary Note 13. Benchmark results are additionally shown for diesel and BEV. EU, European Union; GLO, global. b, The well-to-wheel carbon footprint of HyFiT fuels as a function of available renewable electricity and biomass. A purely bio-based HyFiT fuel supply chain is indicated by the green vertical line, whereas the dashed curve represents a bio-hybrid, that is, bio-based and CO2-based, supply chain. The circle and rectangle show a HyFiT fuel supply chain purely based on CO2 and fossil fuels, respectively. If renewable electricity is limited, additional electricity is taken from the electricity grid. For reference, contour curves are shown for the carbon footprint of a diesel and BEV with either electricity from today’s EU grid or wind power.
