Fig. 5: Years of LE deficit in October through December 2021 contributed by ages <60 and 60+ against percentage of population twice vaccinated by 1 October in the respective age groups.

LE deficit is defined as the counterfactual LE from a Lee–Carter mortality forecast based on death rates for the fourth quarter of the years 2015 to 2019 minus observed LE. The points are labelled with ISO three-letter country codes.