Fig. 5: MNPs that co-deliver the OPMR and potent mRNA vaccine successfully record information and induce immunogenicity in rats.

a, Prime and booster doses were applied on days 0 and 28, respectively, with OPMR–mRNA MNPs to assess the co-delivery of OPMR and mRNA. b, Optical image of a 10 × 10 patterned OPMR MNP and its NIR footprint in rats over 180 days. Scale bars, 2 mm. c, Optical image of a 17 × 17 patterned OPMR MNP and its NIR footprint in rats over 180 days. Scale bars, 2 mm. d, All patterns exhibited a correctable number of error bits and were successfully decoded. e, All three groups (10 × 10 patterned OPMR MNP, 10 × 10 patterned OPMR–mRNA MNP and 17 × 17 patterned OPMR MNP) were successfully decoded over six months; n = 5–6. f, Cryo-TEM images of vaccine solution show intact, monodispersed mRNA-LNPs with and without OPMR dye. (TEM performed once.) g, DLS analysis shows comparable LNP sizes with and without OPMR dye; n = 3. h, Fragment analyser analysis shows comparable mRNA integrities with and without OPMR dye; n = 3. i, Ribogreen assay shows comparable mRNA encapsulation efficiencies with and without OPMR dye; n = 5. j, IM control group, mRNA MNP group and mRNA–OPMR MNP group induce comparable IgG titre levels in rats; n = 6. k, IM control group, mRNA MNP group and mRNA–OPMR MNP group induce comparable post-boost pseudovirus neutralizing antibody (NAb) titre levels in rats. Naive rat response is shown as a dashed line; n = 6. l, OPMR–mRNA MNPs encoding luciferase were stored at room temperature for three months and applied to rats for a shelf-life study, and their luciferase expressions were quantified using an in vivo imaging system. Red circles are selected regions of interest (ROI) to measure the radiance. m, Luciferase expressions of MNPs stored for one month and three months are comparable with those of fresh patches; n = 5. NT50, levels of 50% neutralizing titer.