Extended Data Fig. 1: Distribution of iron in rice.

Iron contents of leaf (a), stem (b), and root (c) and the iron plaque contents (d) of rice samples cultivated for 30, 70, and 140 days under the treatments of different doses of nZVI100; (e) the iron contents of harvested grains in the PCP-contaminated soil (100 mg/kg) after treatment with different doses of nZVI100 for 140 days. Error bars represent standard deviations for the corresponding mean values (n = 3). Different letters for a group of data indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).