Extended Data Fig. 1: Structure characterization and catalytic performance of Ru/HZSM-5(300).

(a) XRD pattern of Ru/HZSM-5(300). (b) TEM images of fresh Ru/HZSM-5(300). (c) TEM images of Ru/HZSM-5(300) after HDPE upcycling at 280 °C for 24 h. (d) Detailed hydrocarbon distribution of alkanes, olefins, cycloalkanes, cycloolefins, and aromatics over Ru/HZSM-5(300) in HDPE upcycling at 280 °C for 24 h. (e) Full-range GC-MS analysis of products over Ru/HZSM-5(300) in HDPE upcycling at 280 °C for 24 h.