Extended Data Fig. 2: The influence of external H2.

(a) Yields of volatiles/gases, liquid phase products, and insoluble hydrocarbons. (b) Selectivity among volatiles/gases and liquid phase products over Ru/HZSM-5(300) in HDPE upcycling at 280 °C for 24 h with 2.5 MPa external H2 or without H2. (c,d) Detailed hydrocarbon selectivity of alkanes, olefins, cycloalkanes, cycloolefins, and aromatics over Ru/HZSM-5(300)-with external H2 in HDPE upcycling at 280 °C for 24 h. (e) Full-range GC-MS analysis of products over Ru/HZSM-5(300)-with external H2 in HDPE upcycling at 280 °C for 24 h.