Fig. 4: Transcriptomic analysis to connect bio-nanoantennae-mediated wireless electrical -molecular communication with gene expression and regulation.
From: Wireless electrical–molecular quantum signalling for cancer cell apoptosis
Heat map demonstrating hierarchical clustering of top 35 genes that were regulated after the treatment with [email protected] c@Z for 8 h followed by a.c. EF stimulation (3 MHz, 0.65 V cm–1) for 2 h. A variance-stabilized transformation was performed on the raw count matrix, and 35 genes with the highest variance across samples were selected for hierarchical clustering. Each row represents one gene, and each column represents one sample. The colour represents the difference of the count value to the row mean. GIN 31 and GCE 31, which showed the maximum response to the treatment with [email protected] c@Z and a.c. EFs, were chosen. As a control to cancer cells, healthy cortical astrocytes were used. Immediately after the treatment, cells were washed and centrifuged to obtain a pellet, which was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and shipped (in dry ice) to Qiagen in Germany for RNA sequencing. The treatment codes are as follow: EF–, control (no treatment with either bio-nanoantennae or a.c. EFs); EF+, cells treated with a.c. EFs; NP1 EF+, cells treated with [email protected] c; and NP2 EF+, cells treated with [email protected] c@Z; treatment was for 8 h followed by 2 h with the a.c. EF.
