Extended Data Fig. 7: Simulation of facet-transfer growth.

a, Simulation system. b–g, Structure evolution during the heating and preservation process. Two cross-sections are presented here, marked by dark dashed lines in a. b shows the initial configuration of the system, where the substrate is composed of 64 parts with diverse in-plane orientations. The seed is placed in the middle of the substrate surface. With increasing temperature, the part of the substrate that is in contact with the seed inherits the seed orientation first; then, the seeded grain has an advantage in size over the other grains and the orientation spreads into the entire foil (c–g). Different colours in b–g indicate distinct structures, that is, the red parts have a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure; the white parts are grain boundaries; the green parts are stacking faults, twin boundaries or grain boundaries; and the blue parts have a body-centred cubic (bcc) structure.