Extended Data Fig. 7: Biomechanical model, genetic correlation and disease associations.

a, Left ventricular pressure–volume loops from finite-element modelling across a range of atrial pressures. Solid and dashed lines indicate smooth and trabeculated ventricles, respectively. b, Mid-short-axis cross-sections of the finite element model of the left ventricle, looking towards the apex, at different trabecular complexities. c, The ventricular model was in series with pre-load (red) and after-load (blue) circuits that define the left atrial pressure (P_LA), right atrial pressure (P_RA), inflow resistance (R₁), aortic resistance (R₂), peripheral resistance (R₃) and vascular capacitance (c). Initial parameters calibrated to approximate observations from UK Biobank data; the reference model was a trabeculated left ventricle with a P_LA of 5 mm Hg. d, Fractal dimension association P values (depicted on −log₁₀ scale, uncorrected for multiple comparisons; estimated by transformation of univariate GWAS signed t-statistics with χ² distributions with 9 degrees of freedom; univariate GWAS with n = 18,096 individuals) for the GOSR2 locus on chromosome 17; variants associated with mixed aetiology heart failure (n = 47,309 cases, n = 930,014 controls) and DCM (n = 510 cases, n = 1,136 controls) are highlighted in purple. e–g, Summary statistics of basal, mid and apical trabeculation GWAS were analysed for genetic correlation with all available summary statistics on LD Hub. e, Additive heritability estimates h² for regional summary statistics based on 1,208,036 genetic variants. f, Association P values of heart and cardiovascular phenotypes with corresponding estimate of genetic correlation (encoded by size). g, Genetic correlation P values of all available LD Hub traits (x axis, ordered by category) with trabeculation GWAS results (based on linkage disequilibrium score regression correlation of 1,208,036 genetic variants) by region summarized in LD Hub categories (colour-coded). Heart and cardiovascular phenotypes (y axis in f and Supplementary Table 13) are depicted in magenta. g, P values are derived from cross-trait correlation analysis and a block jackknife approach for estimation of the standard error of the genetic correlation (Supplementary Table 13); P values are shown on −log₁₀ scale and are uncorrected for multiple comparisons.