Fig. 1: Comparison of viral RNA concentrations, titres of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and plasma cytokines and chemokine levels at the first sampling of cohort A patients.

a, Comparison of viral RNA measured from nasopharyngeal (Np) swab and saliva. n = 14 for male and female patients (M_Pt and F_Pt, respectively) for nasopharyngeal samples, and n = 9 and 12, respectively, for saliva samples. Dotted lines indicate the detection limit of the assay (5,610 copies ml⁻¹), and negatively tested data are shown on the x axis. ND, not detected. b, Titres of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein were measured. n = 13, 74, 15 and 20 for IgG, and n = 3, 18, 15 and 20 for IgM, for male HCW (M_HCW), female HCW (F_HCW), M_Pt and F_Pt, respectively. The cut-off values for positivity are shown by the dotted lines. c, Comparison of the plasma levels of representative innate immune cytokines and chemokines. n = 15, 28, 16 and 19 for M_HCW, F_HCW, M_Pt and F_Pt, respectively. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test (a) or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni multiple comparison test (b, c). All P values < 0.10 are shown. Data are mean ± s.e.m. The results of all the cytokines or chemokines measured can be found in Extended Data Fig. 1b.