Extended Data Fig. 8: Cluster-level analyses: Relationship between basal area weighted mean HSM₅₀ and cluster mean forest dynamics across clusters of forest plots.

Basal area-weighted mean HSM₅₀ in relation to cluster mean relative (A–C) and absolute (D–H) forest dynamics values. A) Relative annual aboveground biomass net change (ΔAGB/AGB), where: ΔAGB is the difference in aboveground biomass between the final and initial censuses (AGB_{final census} – AGB_{initial census}) divided by total monitoring length for that plot (Date_{final census} – Date_{initial census}) in years and AGB is the time-weighted mean standing woody biomass across censuses per plot; B) Relative annual mortality in terms of biomass: (AGB_MORT/AGB). Where AGB_MORT is the sum of the AGB of all dead trees and the unobserved components (see methods), divided by the census interval length⁹⁵;C) Relative annual AGB wood productivity: (AGWP/AGB), where AGWP is defined as the sum of the biomass growth of surviving trees >10 cm DBH, new recruits > 10 cm DBH and the unobserved components (see methods), within a plot in a given census interval, divided by the census interval length⁹⁵; D) Annual aboveground biomass net change (ΔAGB); E) Annual aboveground biomass mortality (AGB_MORT); F) Annual aboveground wood productivity (AGWP), G) Annual instantaneous stem mortality rate (see methods)⁶⁷; H) Residence time of woody biomass calculated as the ratio of mean standing biomass to mean biomass mortality rate⁵². All these parameters were calculated for each census interval and we calculated time-weighted mean to have one value per plot. Each point indicates the mean value across clusters of forest plots, which in total encompass 31.37 ha of forest spread across 34 plots. Information about each cluster and the observation period used for each cluster is provided in Supplementary Table 5. The solid line is the best fit line of the standard major axis (SMA) model and the shaded area represents the 95% bootstrapped confidence interval. Supplementary Table 4 shows the results of the SMA models.