Extended Data Fig. 10: Dimensions of bud scars connecting cells in microscopic, ancestral (t0, grey) and macroscopic, evolved snowflake yeast clusters (PA2 t600, blue).

Macroscopic t600 yeast had 2.4x larger bud scar cross-sectional area (a; p < 0.001, t = 5.3, df = 24, t-test), 2.8x greater bud scar height (b; p < 0.001, t = 12.5, df = 24, t-test), resulting in bud scars with 5.8-fold greater volume (c; p < 0.001, t = 7.3, df = 24, t-test) than the microscopic ancestor. Error bars are one standard deviation. b, Histogram of pixel intensities for bud scars stained with chitin stain calcofluor white, isolated from ancestor (t0, microscopic) and t600 (macroscopic) bud scars. The t600 strain has a 27% higher mean fluorescence intensity, suggesting that they may have evolved moderately higher chitin density in the bud scar. c, The size differences in bud scars is readily visible. Shown are the side view of buds from the ancestor (left) and t600 evolved (right), imaged at the same microscope settings. The scale bar is 0.5 µm.