Extended Data Fig. 3: Nanopore creation through in situ e-beam irradiation and STEM images of defects created by cascaded compression but with extended shrinking time in graphene film.
From: Cascaded compression of size distribution of nanopores in monolayer graphene
a, Random nucleation and linear expansion of two nanopores under in situ e-beam irradiation. The randomness of the size distribution comes from the fact that the nanopores are created at different starting times (that is, nucleation time), therefore, by the end of expansion time, the nanopores have different sizes. b–g, The STEM images of the in situ creation and expansion of two nanopores at various times. Scale bar, 1 nm. Voltage: 100 kV, current: 38 pA, temperature: 700 °C. h–k, STEM images of defects in graphene obtained by using extended regrowth time. h, A large topological defect with threefold symmetry. i, A divacancy defect. j, A linear 5–7 defect. k, A single-vacancy defect. The dotted circles indicate the area of the structural disorder. Scale bar, 0.5 nm.
