Fig. 2: Chronological comparison of Ranis with selected contemporary sites and directly dated human remains.

a, Distributions showing kernel density estimates⁴¹ of radiocarbon dates from LRJ contexts across Europe (red), IUP contexts at Bacho Kiro Cave (green) and TL dates from Brno-Bohunice (yellow). The ___location of the sites is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. b, Calibrated ranges of directly radiocarbon dated H. sapiens from Ranis (LRJ, red), Bacho Kiro Cave (IUP, green) and Ust’-Ishim (no associated archaeology, blue), and Neanderthals (grey) from southwestern France and Belgium. The asterisk marks the Ranis bones for which mtDNA indicates that they originate either from the same or maternally related individuals. The four dates are statistically identical. R10355 and R10318 were not directly dated owing to contamination from conservative treatments (Supplementary Information section 4.1). Layer numbers of the bones from the 1932–1938 excavation (IX, X and XI) refer to labels of boxes in which the finds are stored, which contain material from one or more layers. Data included are shown in Supplementary Tables 17 and 26.