Extended Data Fig. 6: Influence of pleiotropy on Mendelian randomization estimates.

The effect estimates (absolute betas) (panel a) and heterogeneity Q statistics (panel b) from the Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using the full (pleiotropic) and strict (non-pleiotropic) MR instruments are shown. MR was performed using a fixed-effects inverse-variance weighted method. Associations that were significant (p < 4.88 × 10⁻⁶) using either the full or strict instrument or both were included; some of the significant exposure-outcome associations are indicated. Estimates indicated in light pink and light blue were not significant with the strict and full instruments, respectively. For clarity, very large beta (>5) and Q values (>60,000) were excluded from the plots.