Extended Data Fig. 4: Relationship of mutation age and MAF.

a, Heatmap showing the distribution of mutation ages for each minor allele frequency (MAF) bin. To account for the uncertainty in when the mutation arose on a branch, we sample a random date between the lower and upper ends of the branch onto which it maps. We use 20 replicates of the simulation of Fig. 1b, where sources split 500 generations ago and the admixture proportion is 0%. b, Same as a but using mutation ages determined by Relate-inferred genealogies. We place mutations at the same relative height between the lower and upper ends of a branch as in the true trees to remove the uncertainty in when on the branch the mutation occurred, so that we would recover the true allele age from a correctly inferred genealogy. c, Pearson correlation between MAF, true mutation age, and Relate mutation ages, as well as the same comparisons when restricting to mutations of MAF less than 0.1.