Fig. 3: Holistic and multi-round recycling.
a, Scheme of recycling process of spiro-OMeTAD, in which the reductant is iodide salt, dissolving solvent is EA and anti-solvent is ethanol. b, Statistical device efficiency results with different recycled components. c, Statistical efficiency chart of fresh and fifth-round recycled devices. Different from specific recycled components, recycled devices mean that all of the materials (including perovskite, spiro, SnO2 + ITO substrate and gold) for device fabrication are recycled. d, Efficiency loss of fresh and fifth-round recycled devices stored in ambient air at 85 °C. e, Operational stability under one-sun light soaking at 50 °C in nitrogen. The error bar indicates the standard deviation from five independent measurements. All devices are unencapsulated and in the open-circuit condition. PCE, power conversion efficiency.
