Fig. 1: GABAergic synapse-related gene expression in glioma.

a, Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of malignant cells from primary human biopsies of H3K27M⁺ DMG (grey; n = 2,259 cells, 6 study participants), IDH WT high-grade glioma (IDH WT GBM; blue; n = 599 cells, 3 participants) and IDH-mutant high-grade glioma (IDH-mutant GBM; purple; n = 5,096 cells, 10 participants) malignant cells, and tumour-associated, non-malignant oligodendrocytes (yellow; n = 232 cells)^15,32, demonstrating expression of total GABA_AR subunit genes, α-subunit genes, β-subunit genes, γ-subunit genes and postsynaptic genes specific to GABAergic synapses. Statistical analyses performed on single cells are represented with asterisks only when also significant when analysed on a per-patient basis as well as a per-cell basis (****P < 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶ for all asterisk comparisons). Comparisons to oligodendrocytes (control cell type) are not shown. Two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test. b, Plot of lineage score (astrocytic–oligodendrocytic differentiation) and stemness score from single-cell RNA-seq analysis of H3K27M⁺ DMG malignant single cells sorted from primary biopsies (n = 2,259 cells, 6 study participants). The red–blue colour overlay indicates the relative score for GABAergic synapse-related genes. c, GABAergic synapse-related relative gene expression in H3K27M⁺ DMG malignant cells from primary biopsies. Cells are annotated according to patient sample (top) and are sorted from left to right based on their GABA synapse-related gene expression score, as indicated by the green-to-purple gradient (middle); a heatmap of expression of individual GABAergic synapse-related genes in each DMG cell is also shown (bottom).