Extended Data Fig. 9: Method to calculate pairwise diversity for α, β and γ using a patch-landscape study design.
From: Species turnover does not rescue biodiversity in fragmented landscapes
a, The average α diversity for each pair is calculated as the mean number of species in pair i and pair ii, while γ diversity is the pooled ‘total’ number of distinct species in a given pair (accounting for the overlap of shared species occurring in both pairs). This pair is selected using two approaches. b, All possible pairs in fragmented or continuous landscapes in each study. c, Only the nearest pairs to control for the effect of distance decay on β and γ diversity. The black squares represent a plot, numbered between 1 and 10. Therefore, a pair can consist of either two plots within the same forest or fragment, or two plots in different fragments.
