Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of microelectronics-integrated multifunctional fibers that enable wireless modulation of brain and gut neural circuits.

a, High-throughput, monolithic fabrication of multifunctional polymer fibers using thermal drawing yields several tens of meters of continuous fibers (~1,000 rodent-scale probes) with tunable mechanics and solid-state microelectronic components. b, Such fibers can host multiple independently addressable µLEDs for optogenetics, microelectrodes for extracellular electrophysiology, microfluidics for gene/chemical payload delivery and thermal sensors for tissue thermometry—all in a miniature footprint. c, NeuroStack, a custom designed modular wireless control circuit, enables real-time programmable optical stimulation and data transfer for recording of tissue temperature. d, The multifunctional microelectronic fibers together with NeuroStack allow for wireless modulation of neural circuits in the deep-brain and in the small intestine of awake behaving mice.