Fig. 4: Summary of Nei’s genetic distances GD_st (above diagonal) and pairwise F_st (below diagonal) between main tetraploid wheat populations.

Diagonal numbers represent within-population genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity) values. Only low-admixture accessions were used (Q-membership higher than 0.5 for WEW, DEW; Q-membership higher than 0.4 for DWL, DWC). Statistics were estimated with 5,775 linkage disequilibrium-pruned (r² = 0.5) SNPs. WEW-NE, WEW from the North Eastern Fertile Crescent, Turkey, Iran and Iraq; WEW-SL, WEW from Southern Levant including Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Jordan; DEW-T-TRC-IRN, DEW from Turkey to Transcaucasia and Iran; DEW-T-BLK, DEW from Turkey to the Balkans; DEW-SthEU, DEW spread in Southern Mediterranean areas; DEW-SL-EU1, DEW from Southern Levant Fertile Crescent to Europe (population 1); DEW-SL-EU2, DEW from Southern Levant Fertile Crescent to Europe (population 2); DEW-ETH, DEW from Oman, India and Ethiopia; DWL-SL-NA, DWL from Southern Levant Fertile Crescent to North Africa and Iberia; DWL-GRC-BLK, DWL from Greece to Balkans; DWL-T-TRC, DWL from Turkey to Transcaucasia; DWL-T-FC, DWL diffused in Turkey to the whole Fertile Crescent; DWL-TRN, T. turanicum; DWL-ETH, DWL from Ethiopia; DWC-DRY, DWC from Italian and ICARDA breeding programs adapted to dryland areas; DWC-ITLY, DWC from Italy; DWC-CIM70, DWC from the wide adaptation, temperate-adapted photoperiod insensitive CIMMYT and ICARDA germplasm bred in the 1970s; DWC-CIM80, DWC from the high-yielding CIMMYT germplasm bred in the 1980s; DWC-AMR, DWC from the photoperiod-sensitive North American and French germplasm.