Extended Data Fig. 3: Examples of the improvement of SuSiEx over single-population fine-mapping in the biobank analysis.

Each of the three sub-figures consists of eight panels, which are aligned vertically, with the x-axis showing the genomic position. The top six panels visualize GWAS association statistics and single-population fine-mapping results within the European (Pan-UKBB European), African (Pan-UKBB African) and East Asian (Taiwan biobank) populations. For association statistics, the left y-axis shows the −log₁₀(P-value) of each SNP. The color represents the descending degrees of LD with the lead SNP (from red, orange to blue). The right y-axis shows the recombination rate in centimorgan per Megabase. The solid line indicates the population-specific recombination maps obtained from the 1000 Genomes Project. Different colors are used to distinguish different credible sets in the fine-mapping results. The second to bottom panel visualizes the results from SuSiEx. ‘Null’ indicates that single-population fine-mapping did not obtain any reliable credible set. The bottom panel shows gene annotations, if any. P-values are from linear regression with no multiple testing correction applied. a, Association with albumin on chr8:9,170,000-9,190,000, an example of a strong causal signal shared across populations. b, Association with platelets count on chr12:104,900,000-105,050,000, an example of a weak causal signal shared across populations. c, Association with albumin on chr12:13,100,000-13,400,000, an example of population-specific causal signals.