Fig. 3: Effect size distributions of rare, independently associated pQTL variants.

a–d, Effect sizes (β) for rare pQTL variants versus MAF, highlighting cognate (red circles) and noncognate (blue square) effects, for coding (a) and noncoding (b) pQTLs, and stratified by predicted consequence for coding variants (c) in the cognate gene and in the noncoding cognate gene (variants annotated as regulatory for the protein-coding gene) (d). The effect sizes by stratification of annotation for noncoding, noncognate variants are presented in Extended Data Fig. 3.