Extended Data Fig. 3: Molecular and phenotypic differentiation within A2/M1₅₈⁺CD8⁺ T cells across human lifespan.

a, Specification selected donors for single-cell multi-omic analysis. Phenotype frequencies were obtained via flow cytometry protein expression data. b, Dot plot of selected transcription factors grouped by UMAP clusters. Dot size represents the proportion with non-zero expression from each age group. The color represents average mean expression. c, Heatmap of enriched pathways identified from GSEA using differentially expressed genes between each UMAP cluster. All pathways shown have Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted p-values < 0.05 in at least one cluster. NES: Normalized enrichment score. d, Dimensionality reduction (UMAP) and clustering of scRNAseq data excluding TCR genes colored by clusters (top), age groups (bottom). e, Heatmap of enriched pathways identified from GSEA using differentially expressed genes between each age group. All pathways shown have Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted p-values < 0.05 in at least one age group. NES: Normalized enrichment score. f, Dot plot of selected transcription factors grouped by age group. Dot size represents the proportion with non-zero expression from each age group (N, newborns; C, children; A, adults; OA, older Adults). The color represents average mean expression. g, Volcano plot of a pairwise comparison without correction for multiple testing of differentially expressed genes between children (blue) and older adults (pink) with a fold change |log2(FC)| >0.3 and p-value < 0.05.