Extended Data Fig. 1: TLS density in HCC tumors treated with neoadjuvant ICB compared to untreated controls.

a, TLS composition according to ___location in untreated (n = 52) and neoadjuvant ICB (n = 19) treated HCC tumors. Tumors found to have no TLS are not shown. b, Box-and-whisker plots showing total, peritumoral, and intratumoral TLS density in patients with locally advanced HCC treated with neoadjuvant ICB and untreated controls. c, Representative images of a single TLS in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) HCC tumor stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and anti-CD3, CD8, CD20, CD56, and CXCL13. Scale bar, 250 μm. d, Comparison of cell density of CD3⁺, CD8⁺, CD20⁺, CD56⁺ positive cells and percent area of CXCL13⁺ tissue in untreated and neoadjuvant ICB-treated HCC tumors. e, Proportion of untreated and neoadjuvant ICB-treated HCC tumors found to have TLS according to non-viral or viral HCC etiology. f, Total, peritumoral, and intratumoral TLS density in untreated and neoadjuvant ICB-treated HCC tumors according to non-viral or viral HCC etiology. g-h, Box-and-whisker plots showing total (g) and peritumoral TLS density (h) according to pathologic response. NR, non-response. pPR, partial pathologic response. MPR/pCR, major pathologic response or complete response. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed t-test (b, d, and f), Fisher’s exact test (e), and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) test (g and h). For each box-and-whisker plot, the horizontal bar indicates the median, the upper and lower limits of the boxes the interquartile range, and the ends of the whiskers 1.5 times the interquartile range.