Fig. 2: Reconstruction performance of Open-3DSIM.

a, Reconstruction for actin filaments under different illumination conditions of extremely low (EL, intensity of 2%, exposure time of 5 ms), low (L, 5%, 5 ms), moderate (M, 10%, 20 ms) and high (H, 10%, 50 ms) with the comparison among SIMnoise, OMX and Open-3DSIM. b, MAE under different SNRs and algorithms, taking the corresponding highest SNR results as ground-truth images, with the relative SNR of the reconstruction results under different SNRs and algorithms to demonstrate the algorithm’s ability to suppress a defocused background. c, State-of-the-art reconstruction results of tubulin structure from SIMnoise under the lowest SNR with the corresponding comparison. d, Reconstruction for actin filaments in U2OS cell from OMX under a low SNR (5%, 20 ms) with the corresponding comparison. e, The multi-color reconstruction by Open-3DSIM of a COS cell labeled for actin filaments (yellow), clathrin (cyan), and tubulin (red), excited at 488, 561 and 640 nm in wavelength, respectively. f, Open-3DSIM analyzed the 3D mitochondrial ridge structure in live COS7 cell and showed the process of mitochondrial fusion, separation and apoptosis under a low SNR (10%, 3 ms) for 15 frames (10 s and six slices per frame). g, Reconstruction and polarization analysis of actin filaments in mouse kidney sections, including whole 3D sight (on the top) and the maximum-intensity projection on the xoy and xoz planes, with the comparison between pOMX, pSIMnoise and pOpen. The color bars in g are in the format ‘Angle (rad)’. Scale bar is 2 μm. Scales on the z axis are: a, 13 layers; c, 41 layers; d, ten layers; e, 13 layers; f, six layers; and g, 41 layers. a, c, d, f, g 0.125 μm per layer; e, 0.12 μm per layer.