Extended Data Fig. 3: Learning-related changes in neural activity.

a. (left) Mean z-scored fluorescent signals for all recorded cells during the Early session, ordered by peak time bin. See Fig. 2e, f for Late session. (right) Line is mean, shading is ±SEM). b. Cross-validated neural activity. Each trial type (CS+ or CS-) was separated into odd and even trials, and neural activity was z-scored. For each time bin, z-scores were averaged across all trial subsets, and sorted by peak firing rate latency during odd trials. Population mean is shown directly below heatmap (line is mean, shading is ±SEM). c. Linear regression of lick rates and Ca2+ in vCA1 and dCA1 during Early and Late associative learning sessions (see Methods). We found that neural activity is not significantly correlated to lick rates (n = 11 vCA1 and 5 dCA1 mice, unpaired two-sided t-test, p > 0.05, error bars are mean ± SEM). d. Proportion of responsive cells of the total population whose activity was significantly modulated during odor- or trace-period compared to pre-odor baseline. Fisher’s exact test. Statistical power for the pre-training session (Pre) was too low for meaningful analysis (only 15 trials/trial-type in Pre vs 60 trials/trail-type in Early and Late). (n’s denoted on graph, two sided Fisher’s exact test, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001,) See Supplementary Table 1 for all statistical analysis details.