Extended Data Fig. 1: Analysis of basic dendrite morphology.

(a) Left, proportion of compartment length in the total dendrite length for IT (n = 686), PT (n = 525), and CT (n = 304) neurons. X-axis denotes individual neurons. Right, statistical results of proportion of compartment length among IT, PT, and CT neurons (two-way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparison tests). Box plot: edges, 25th and 75th percentiles; central line, median; whiskers, 1.5× the interquartile range of the edges; dots, outliers. (b) Relationship of dendritic lengths among IT, PT, and CT neurons (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). Shaded areas around the regression line indicate 95% confidence intervals. P values were calculated via two-sided t-test. (c) Boxplots show the difference of soma volume among IT (n = 1,023), PT (n = 502), and CT (n = 329) neurons and across 11 PFC subregions (two-way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparison tests). Box plot: edges, 25th and 75th percentiles; central line, median; whiskers, 1.5× the interquartile range of the edges; dots, outliers. (d) Correlations between soma depth and soma volume, tuft length, trunk length, and basal length for IT, PT, and CT neurons, respectively (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). Shaded areas around the regression line indicate 95% confidence intervals. P values were calculated via two-sided t-test. Right, the density plot showing the significant difference in soma volume, tuft length, trunk length, and basal length of IT, PT, and CT neurons (one-way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparison test). (e) Correlation between total dendrite length of CT neurons and cortical thickness across PFC subregions (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). P value was calculated via two-sided t-test. (f) Correlation between somatodendritic volume of CT neurons and neuron density across PFC subregions (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). P value was calculated via two-sided t-test. (g) Correlation between cortical thickness and neuron density across PFC subregions (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). Shaded areas around the regression line indicate 95% confidence intervals. P value was calculated via two-sided t-test. (h) Scaling laws of branch point number and dendrite length among IT (n = 1,049), PT (n = 537), and CT (n = 334) neurons and between apical and basal parts of dendrites. Left, difference of the powers in the scaling law of apical tufts among IT (n = 686), PT (n = 525), and CT (n = 304) neurons (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). Middle, the difference of the powers in the scaling law of basal dendrites among IT (n = 686), PT (n = 525), and CT (n = 304) neurons. Shaded areas around the regression line indicate 95% confidence intervals. P values were calculated via two-sided t-test. Right, the powers of different compartments of dendrites and of IT (n = 686), PT (n = 525) and CT (n = 304) neurons. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were shown, ANCOVA. (i) Scaling laws of spanning volume and density among IT (n = 1,049), PT (n = 537), and CT (n = 334) neurons and between apical and basal parts of dendrites. Left, the difference of the powers in the scaling law of apical tufts (linear regression, P value and R² are shown). Shaded areas around the regression line indicate 95% confidence intervals. P values were calculated via two-sided t-test. Middle, the difference of the powers in the scaling law of basal dendrites. Right, the powers of different parts of dendrites and of IT, PT and CT neurons. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were shown, ANCOVA.