Fig. 2: Cortical GMV showed widespread change through gestation and postpartum.

a, Multivariate regression analyses reveal largely negative relationships between gestation week and regional GMV, with only a minority of regions unaffected or increasing over the gestational window (baseline—36 weeks). All associations presented here were corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR at q < 0.05; nonsignificant values set to zero for interpretability). b, Average network change was calculated by estimating GMV percent change from baseline (initial) to 36 weeks gestation (final). Attention and control networks appear most affected. c, Six representative regions, classified by major subnetworks, that exhibit pronounced GMV change across gestation. For each panel, we display a scatterplot between average GMV of the ROIs and gestation week (left; gestation sessions only, 19 scans), and summary GMV of ROIs by pregnancy stage across the whole study (right; gestation and postpartum sessions, 26 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent a 95% confidence interval. Each boxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a horizontal line representing the median value. The whiskers indicate variability outside (±1.5) of this range. Outside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either end of the box. All statistical tests were corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR at q < 0.05) and values were z scored and transformed to have a mean of zero and s.d. of one for easier comparison across regions. Please note that the data values shown here are raw (see Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Data 1 for exhaustive list). Brain visualizations created with R package ggseg⁴⁸. IQR, interquartile range; Lat, lateral; Med, medial; DMN, default mode network; VisPeri, visual peripheral network; SomMot, somatomotor network; VisCent, visual central network; Cont, control network; TempPar, temporal parietal network; DorsAttn, dorsal attention network; SalVentAttn, salience/ventral attention network.

Source data