Extended Data Fig. 2: The synthesized ADSP solution and the use of ADSP to modify the membranes.

a. ADSP solution after dialysis. The A340 is ~0.62. b. The ADSP-modified NC membrane finished product. Left: blank membrane, right: ADSP-modified membrane. c. ADSP solution measured at 340 nm after each modification to show the content. The overall use of ADSP solution is 0.24 mL per cm2 membrane. The effectiveness of the array after each modification is shown, demonstrating that ADSP below an A340 of 0.4 might be insufficient for modification.