Fig. 1

The study workflow of ROs generation and scRNA-seq. (a) Generation of Patient-specific ROs. Patient-derived iPSCs were differentiated into RO following an established protocol. The timeline illustrates critical developmental stages and corresponding culture conditions throughout the differentiation process. (b) Single-Cell RNA sequencing. Single cell suspensions were processed using 10X Chromium Controller for microfluidic encapsulation in Gel Beads-in-Emulsions (GEMs). Following encapsulation, single-cell cDNA libraries were constructed and subsequently sequenced. (c) Bioinformatic pipeline. The computational workflow encompassed multiple sequential steps: initial data quality control, reference genome alignment, unique molecular identifier (UMI) counting, gene and cell filtering, data normalization, and cell clustering analysis.