Table 5 Prevalence of all 16 combinations of lifestyle risk behaviors and adjusted hazard ratios for their associations with risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, the Shanghai Men’s Health Study (2002–2013, n = 59,747).

None

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

3,626

6.07

Smoking

1.45 (1.24, 1.68)

1.59 (1.23, 2.06)

1.63 (1.29, 2.06)

2,488

4.16

Alcohol

1.34 (0.88, 2.02)

1.83 (0.99, 3.39)

1.31 (0.67, 2.57)

143

0.24

Diet

1.2 (1.02, 1.42)

1.47 (1.13, 1.93)

1.04 (0.78, 1.38)

1,419

2.38

PA

1.19 (1.05, 1.35)

1.27 (1.03, 1.58)

1.06 (0.87, 1.30)

10,027

16.78

Smoking + alcohol

1.94 (1.49, 2.54)

1.77 (1.09, 2.86)

2.55 (1.75, 3.73)

380

0.64

Smoking + diet

1.75 (1.49, 2.06)

1.69 (1.27, 2.26)

1.83 (1.42, 2.35)

1,513

2.53

Smoking + PA

1.70 (1.51, 1.93)

1.79 (1.44, 2.21)

1.90 (1.57, 2.30)

16,549

27.70

Alcohol + diet

1.45 (0.93, 2.28)

1.29 (0.57, 2.93)

1.56 (0.77, 3.19)

101

0.17

Alcohol + PA

1.05 (0.71, 1.55)

1.49 (0.84, 2.63)

0.92 (0.47, 1.81)

320

0.54

Diet + PA

1.68 (1.48, 1.92)

1.89 (1.51, 2.37)

1.55 (1.24, 1.92)

4,262

7.13

Smoking + alcohol + diet

2.24 (1.76, 2.84)

2.16 (1.41, 3.32)

2.70 (1.91, 3.83)

454

0.76

Smoking + alcohol + PA

2.12 (1.77, 2.54)

2.08 (1.50, 2.87)

2.33 (1.78, 3.06)

2,316

3.88

Smoking + diet + PA

1.97 (1.74, 2.23)

2.24 (1.81, 2.77)

1.95 (1.60, 2.37)

11,909

19.93

Alcohol + diet + PA

1.46 (1.04, 2.05)

1.38 (0.75, 2.56)

1.35 (0.76, 2.38)

333

0.56

Smoking + alcohol + diet + PA

2.93 (2.54, 3.39)

3.16 (2.45, 4.07)

3.22 (2.58, 4.02)

3,907

6.54