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Figure 2

From: Global deregulation of ginseng products may be a safety hazard to warfarin takers: solid evidence of ginseng-warfarin interaction

Figure 2

Dose-dependent and time-dependent anti-coagulation of warfarin administered alone or with GS to rats. (a) Dose-dependent anti-coagulation of warfarin on rat INR that was measured following 7 consecutive administration of oral warfarin, and the dose 0.4 mg/kg/day was determined as the optimal dose, and used to monitor the dynamic change in INR in rats (b). (c) Changes in INR by three weeks of warfarin (0.4 mg/kg/day), or GS (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day), or warfarin combined with GS. Note, GS antagonized the effect of warfarin dose-dependently. (d) Time-dependent antagonism by GS against warfarin anti-coagulation was more significant by 3-weeks GS than by 1-week GS. (e) Dynamic change in rat INR by warfarin followed by three doses of GS. Data represent mean ± SD (n = 10 rats per group), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

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