Figure 6 | Scientific Reports

Figure 6

From: Global deregulation of ginseng products may be a safety hazard to warfarin takers: solid evidence of ginseng-warfarin interaction

Figure 6

GS antagonized inhibition by warfarin of coagulation factors II, VII and protein Z, and enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 following one-week warfarin plus three-week warfarin co-administered with GS. (a–c) GS dose-dependent (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks; (a–c), and time-dependent (300 mg/kg/day for 1, 2 and 3 weeks; (d,e) antagonism on inhibition by warfarin of coagulation factors II, VII and protein Z; (g–i) dose-dependent upregulation by GS (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day) on mRNA expression of rat hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP1A2, 3A4 and 2C9. All rats were pretreated with oral warfarin for 1 week followed by the co-administration regimen. Data represent the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group); *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, compared with warfarin alone (a–f), or the untreated controls (g–i).

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