Table 4 Association between hallucinations and other positive symptoms of psychosis, negative symptoms, and disorganization.

From: Hallucinations in borderline personality disorder: Prevalence, characteristics and associations with comorbid symptoms and disorders

  

Item score, median (%)a

tau_b

p-value

Hall −b (n = 71)

Hall+c (n = 27)

PANSS-POSITIVE

P1 Delusions

1 (8.5)

3 (44.4)

0.371

<0.001d

P3 Hallucinatory behavior

—

—

—

—

P5 Grandiosity

1 (1.4)

1 (0)

0.046

0.614

P6 Suspiciousness/persecution

3 (21.1)

3 (37.0)

0.208

0.013

G9 Unusual thought content

1 (0)

2 (0)

0.330

<0.001d

PANSS-NEGATIVE

N1 Blunted affect

1 (4.2)

1 (7.4)

0.141

0.113

N2 Emotional withdrawal

1 (5.6)

1 (7.4)

0.097

0.267

N3 Poor rapport

1 (1.4)

1 (3.7)

0.071

0.434

N4 Passive/apathetic social withdrawal

2 (4.2)

2 (11.1)

0.228

0.008

N6 Lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation

1 (2.8)

1 (3.7)

−0.031

0.737

G7 Motor retardation

1 (0)

1 (3.7)

0.064

0.475

G8 Uncooperativeness

1 (0)

1 (0)

0.022

0.809

G16 Active social avoidance

2 (8.5)

3 (18.5)

0.206

0.015

PANSS-DISORGANIZATION

P2 Conceptual disorganization

1 (1.4)

1 (7.4)

0.206

0.022

N5 Difficulty in abstract thinking

1 (4.2)

1 (0)

−0.027

0.757

N7 Stereotyped thinking

1 (0)

1 (0)

0.153

0.092

G5 Mannerisms and posturing

1 (2.8)

1 (0)

0.141

0.122

G10 Disorientation

1 (0)

1 (3.7)

0.137

0.128

G11 Poor attention

1 (4.2)

2 (7.4)

0.098

0.263

G12 Lack of judgement and insight

1 (0)

1 (7.4)

0.095

0.287

G13 Disturbance of volition

1 (1.4)

1 (0)

−0.083

0.352

  1. aThe sample consisted of 98 patients with BPD who completed the PANSS interview.
  2. bHallucinations absent, defined as PANSS item P3 score <4.
  3. cHallucinations present, defined as PANSS item P3 score ≥4.
  4. dStatistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction.
  5. Abbreviation: PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
Back to article page