Figure 1

Effects of tillage methods and straw retention on the ratio of CO2 emission intensity per grain yield in summer maize growing seasons 2011–2014 (CO2-C Mg ha−1). CT0 represent conventional tillage with straw removed, CTS represent conventional tillage with straw retained, NT0 represent no-till with straw removed, NTS represent no-till with straw retained, SS0 represent subsoiling with straw removed, and SSS represent subsoiling with straw retained. Bars are ± standard errors of means (n = 3).