Figure 4

Induction of cytokine expression in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cells by CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) developed for grouper toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 s. Expression of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, and interferon (IFN)γ in (A) head kidney cells and (B) splenocytes treated with 0.3 µM of different CpG-ODNs as indicated for 4 h and analyzed with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the control. The primers used in this study are shown in Supplementary Table 1.