Figure 3
Analysis of cell proliferation, viability, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of A549 cells cultured in the presence or absence of SaM. The experimental groups were administered with SaM (0.05 to 10 mg/mL) for 48 hours. Control groups were not exposed to SaM. (a) Light micrographs of control and treated A549 cells on day 3. Cell detachment, cell rounding, and irregularity in shape were observed (shown with arrowheads). Images were taken at 100× magnifications. (b) Cell proliferation analysis of control and SaM treated A549 cells. Data are expressed as total number of harvested cells (x105 cells) on day 3. (c) Cell viability analysis of control and treated cells. Data is expressed as mean percentage ± SEM with respect to untreated cells (control), which is set to 100%. (d) Evaluation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide production (oxidative stress) by DCFH assay. The value represents the average percentage of DCFH fluorescence positive cell ± SEM. (d) Cell apoptosis: results are expressed as mean percentage (apoptotic cells/total cells) ± SEM. IC50 = the half maximal inhibitory concentration. Scale bar = 100 μm. Statistical differences between the control and the treated groups were determined by a one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett’s post-hoc test when results of the ANOVA were significant: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control.
