Figure 4

Path diagram indicating the conceptual model behind the relations among latent variables and their manifest variables. Rectangles refer to the manifest variables (outer model) and the ellipses refer to the latent variables (Inner model). Arrows show assumed causations among the variables (either latent or manifest), and the direction of the arrow defines the assumed direction of the relation. Path coefficients (β’s) indicate the quantification of the relationship between latent variables. Corresponding ORs for the one unit increase in immune-modulation and air pollution on asthma are 1.9 and 1.6, respectively.