Figure 2
From: Elevated aerosol layer over South Asia worsens the Indian droughts
Distribution of seasonal mean (July–September) TOMS aerosols index, aerosol optical depth from MISR and ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model simulation. (a) TOMS aerosols index for the non El Niño years during 1978–2005. (b) TOMS aerosols index averaged during strong El Niño years considered in this study (1982, 1991, 1994, 1997, 2002, 2004, 2009 and 2015). Aerosol optical depth from MISR for (c) non El Niño years during 2000–2013, (d) strong El Niño years (2002, 2004, 2009). Distribution of simulated aerosol optical depth (excluding sea salt) at 550 nm as obtained from (e) aeronCL, (f) aeronEL experiments. In Fig. (a–e) the region of elevated aerosol is indicated by the black ellipsoid. (Figure created using the COLA/GrADS software).
