Table 1 The concentration of bufogenins in Asian toads from twenty-two geographical origins.

C1

1.12 ± 0.11^a

1.35 ± 0.04 ^g

2.20 ± 0.08 ^cd

2.95 ± 0.14 ^h

2.11 ± 0.12^de

5.02 ± 0.12 ^g

1.79 ± 0.03ⁱ

C2

0.25 ± 0.05^j

1.24 ± 0.05 ^h

1.97 ± 0.03^fg

4.40 ± 0.04^b

1.26 ± 0.03^k

1.33 ± 0.03 ^m

1.06 ± 0.06^k

C3

0.45 ± 0.03^gh

1.32 ± 0.01^gh

1.60 ± 0.03ⁱ

3.78 ± 0.03^e

1.02 ± 0.02 ^l

1.49 ± 0.04 ^l

0.76 ± 0.04 ^m

C4

0.26 ± 0.03^j

1.46 ± 0.01 ^f

2.93 ± 0.07^b

2.87 ± 0.07 ^h

0.77 ± 0.04 ^m

0.19 ± 0.03^p

0.13 ± 0.02ⁿ°

C5

0.22 ± 0.05^j

2.58 ± 0.08^e

2.26 ± 0.05^c

4.14 ± 0.01^c

0.89 ± 0.09 ^lm

0.14 ± 0.02^p

0.02 ± 0.01°^p

C6

0.53 ± 0.05^fg

6.92 ± 0.05^a

1.02 ± 0.09^k

4.45 ± 0.06^b

0.40 ± 0.07ⁿ

0.43 ± 0.05°

0.00 ± 0.00^p

E1

0.65 ± 0.03^de

0.29 ± 0.05 ^m

1.59 ± 0.06ⁱ

1.03 ± 0.03ⁿ

1.99 ± 0.06^ef

5.81 ± 0.07^e

3.12 ± 0.07 ^g

E2

0.49 ± 0.05^gh

0.38 ± 0.02 ^lm

2.18 ± 0.10^cde

0.97 ± 0.03^no

2.80 ± 0.10^a

7.15 ± 0.11^a

5.26 ± 0.06^b

E3

0.41 ± 0.03^hi

0.14 ± 0.05ⁿ

1.16 ± 0.03^j

0.69 ± 0.06^p

2.20 ± 0.09 ^cd

6.60 ± 0.08^c

4.61 ± 0.11^d

E4

1.01 ± 0.11^b

0.35 ± 0.02 ^lm

1.93 ± 0.04^gh

0.87 ± 0.05^o

2.17 ± 0.11 ^cd

6.33 ± 0.05^d

4.33 ± 0.10^e

E5

0.41 ± 0.04^hi

0.44 ± 0.10 ^l

1.60 ± 0.06ⁱ

0.50 ± 0.05^q

2.59 ± 0.10^b

4.19 ± 0.04 ^h

7.30 ± 0.08^a

E6

0.40 ± 0.02^hi

0.37 ± 0.02 ^lm

2.25 ± 0.06^c

1.25 ± 0.06 ^m

2.79 ± 0.09^a

6.84 ± 0.06^b

4.30 ± 0.06^e

E7

0.62 ± 0.06^ef

0.86 ± 0.03^j

3.85 ± 0.13^a

3.34 ± 0.06 ^g

2.28 ± 0.03^c

5.61 ± 0.09 ^f

2.69 ± 0.01 ^h

E8

0.30 ± 0.02^ij

0.93 ± 0.05^j

2.91 ± 0.02^b

2.51 ± 0.03ⁱ

1.76 ± 0.13^gh

1.60 ± 0.06 ^l

1.31 ± 0.08^j

E9

0.31 ± 0.02^ij

0.31 ± 0.06 ^m

1.67 ± 0.11ⁱ

1.95 ± 0.04^k

2.19 ± 0.10 ^cd

5.02 ± 0.10 ^g

5.10 ± 0.09^c

E10

1.00 ± 0.12^b

0.56 ± 0.02^k

1.64 ± 0.03ⁱ

1.52 ± 0.05 ^l

1.64 ± 0.03^hi

5.13 ± 0.08 ^g

1.80 ± 0.03ⁱ

E11

0.62 ± 0.06^ef

1.13 ± 0.04ⁱ

2.06 ± 0.10^ef

2.34 ± 0.08^j

1.98 ± 0.03^ef

3.78 ± 0.10ⁱ

3.19 ± 0.11 ^g

E12

0.75 ± 0.05 ^cd

0.89 ± 0.06^j

1.90 ± 0.10^gh

1.93 ± 0.04^k

1.96 ± 0.06 ^f

4.30 ± 0.01 ^h

3.39 ± 0.08 ^f

SW1

0.55 ± 0.04^efg

3.55 ± 0.05^d

1.60 ± 0.04ⁱ

4.06 ± 0.05 ^cd

1.48 ± 0.05^j

0.89 ± 0.04ⁿ

0.18 ± 0.03ⁿ

SW2

0.79 ± 0.12^c

4.71 ± 0.04^c

1.83 ± 0.08 ^h

5.55 ± 0.07^a

1.17 ± 0.01^k

0.39 ± 0.08^o

0.09 ± 0.02^nop

SW3

0.41 ± 0.04^hi

5.17 ± 0.10^b

1.00 ± 0.03^k

3.98 ± 0.08^d

1.80 ± 0.04 ^g

3.27 ± 0.03^j

0.88 ± 0.10 ^l

SW4

0.82 ± 0.05^c

2.61 ± 0.05^e

2.08 ± 0.10^def

3.47 ± 0.08 ^f

1.54 ± 0.13^ij

2.15 ± 0.06^k

0.65 ± 0.08 ^m