Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants.

Age (years)

41.2 ± 0.5

53.1 ± 0.6

<0.0001

Sex (male)

38.9 (1.1)

51.7 (1.6)

<0.0001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.3 ± 0.1

24.2 ± 0.1

<0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

78.9 ± 0.3

83.4 ± 0.4

<0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

115.9 ± 0.4

124.9 ± 0.9

<0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.5 ± 0.3

79 ± 0.5

<0.0001

Metabolic syndrome (%)

21.6 (0.9)

42.1 (2)

<0.0001

Diabetes mellitus (%)

5.5 (0.4)

15.6 (1.6)

<0.0001

Hypertension (%)

21.1 (0.9)

41.9 (2.3)

<0.0001

Current smoking (%)

19.2 (0.9)

25.6 (1.5)

0.0002

Alcohol consumption (%)^a

53 (1.3)

50.6 (1.8)

0.2539

Regular exercise (%)^b

22.7 (1.2)

22.8 (1.8)

0.9319

Low income (lowest quartile %)

14.2 (1)

22.7 (2)

<0.0001

Low education (below high school %)

21.8 (1.2)

47.2 (2.7)

<0.0001

Tooth brushing frequency (%)

<0.0001

        Once a day

8.2 (0.7)

16.9 (1.9)

        Twice a day

46.8 (1.2)

51.4 (2.1)

        Thrice a day

45 (1.3)

31.6 (2.1)

Periodic dental checkup (%)^c

23.7 (1.2)

18.2 (1.6)

0.0014

        Glucose (mg/dL)

93.2 ± 0.4

102.6 ± 1.5

<0.0001

        Triglycerides (mg/dL)

95.7 (93.3–98.1)

120.5 (115.9–125.3)

<0.0001

        Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

183.5 ± 0.9

192.6 ± 1.2

<0.0001

        LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

111.6 ± 0.8

118.3 ± 1.2

<0.0001

        HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

48.9 ± 0.2

45.8 ± 0.4

<0.0001

        Gamma-glutamyl transferase (mg/dL)

21.5 (20.9–22.1)

26.7 (25.6–27.9)

<0.0001

        Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (U/L)

20.7 ± 0.3

22.3 ± 0.3

<0.0001

        Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (U/L)

20.4 ± 0.4

22.4 ± 0.5

0.0007

Fatty Liver Index

12.2 (11.5–12.9)

21.6 (20.1–23.2)

<0.0001