Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the PROLONG participants.

From: Liver nucleotide biosynthesis is linked to protection from vascular complications in individuals with long-term type 1 diabetes

Phenotype

Number NP

Number RP

NP

RP

p valuea

p valueb

Age [years]

322

74

58.1 (10.5)

45.1 (14.1)

  

Age at diagnosis [years]

322

74

17.5 (9.8)

23.3 (14.4)

0.01*

 

T1D duration [years]

333

78

40.5 (8.6)

21.6 (7.9)

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Sex, male

333

78

144 (43%)

40 (51%)

0.25*

 

Smoking, current

311

71

7 (2%)

4 (6%)

0.25*

 

Hypertension

331

77

192 (58%)

53 (68%)

0.11*

 

Waist [cm]

313

67

51.6 (43.8)

77.4 (34.5)

0.04

0.18

Waist/Hip

313

67

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.07

0.19

BMI [kg/m3]

324

78

24.8 (3.8)

26.2 (4.7)

0.04

0.12

Systolic BP, sitting [mmHg]

328

76

130.6 (17.5)

126.9 (17.7)

0.19

0.45

Diastolic BP, sitting [mmHg]

328

76

75.5 (9.1)

79.1 (9.1)

0.17

0.27

GAD antibodies [number positive]

311

66

156 (50%)

44 (67%)

0.02

 

C-peptide [nmol/L]**

285

62

0.008 (0.003–0.015)

0.003 (0.003–0.014)

0.03

0.02

HbA1c [DCCT]

329

78

7.6 (1.0)

9.0 (1.5)

 < 0.0001

 

Insulin dosage [units/day]**

218

55

36.5 (29.0–46.0)

57.0 (40.2–72.0)

 < 0.001

5.0e−03

eGDR [mg/kg/min]

310

66

7.0 (2.3)

5.7 (2.5)

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Triglycerides [mmol/L]

319

76

0.8 (0.3)

1.0 (0.5)

 < 0.0001

0.02

HDL-C [mmol/L]

319

76

1.8 (0.6)

1.6 (0.6)

0.98

0.24

Cholesterol [mmol/L]

319

76

4.8 (0.8)

4.8 (0.9)

0.63

0.98

LDL-C [mmol/L]

319

76

2.6 (0.7)

2.7 (0.8)

0.91

0.30

eGFR [ml/min/1.73m3]

321

74

86.8 (15.6)

91.0 (30.0)

0.57

0.98

ASAT [U/L]

333

76

25.2 (8.9)

21.2 (8.2)

0.01

0.06

ALAT [U/L]

333

78

24.0 (11.7)

21.9 (9.8)

0.01

0.01

ASAT/ALAT

333

76

1.16 (0.42)

1.02 (0.31)

0.80

0.56

GGT [U/L]

332

78

28.2 (43.5)

34.6 (81.7)

0.10

0.33

Fatty liver index (FLI)

297

65

0.60 (0.71)

0.81 (0.77)

0.01

0.05

Hepatic steatosis index (HSI)

324

76

33.7 (4.8)

36.0 (5.8)

0.06

0.39

Retinopathy, n (%)

–

78

–

54 (69%)

  

Nephropathy, n (%)

–

78

–

41 (53%)

  

CVD, n (%)

–

56

–

2 (3%)

  

Lipid treatments

180

57

102 (67%)

29 (51%)

0.54*

 

Antihypertensive treatments

180

56

70 (39%)

31 (55%)

0.04*

 
  1. Data are mean (sd).
  2. BP denotes blood pressure, NP non-progressors, RP rapid progressors.
  3. Linear regression models: Pa value = adjusted for center/storage, sex, age, Pb value adjusted for center/storage, sex, age, HbA1c.
  4. *Mann–Whitney test.
  5. **Median (IQR), or count (%).
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