Figure 2

Sample clustering and gut microbiota compositions at the Phylum and Family levels. Metagenome sequencing was performed with 16S rRNA from mouse fecal samples. Clustering of (a) Group 1 and (b) Group 2 mice samples by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) at the species level. PERMANOVA test for the dissimilarity of bacterial population structures was performed in (a) and (b). Taxonomic composition at the (c, d) phylum and (e, f) family level. Microbial composition of fecal contents from (c, e) Group 1 and (d, f) Group 2. Mann–Whitney U-test for comparison difference between independent two groups was performed in (a), (b), (c), (e), and (f). The difference between Group1 and between Group 2 was analysed by Kruskal–Wallis H test in d and g. (a), p < 0.05 between Male_Con vs. Male_E2; (b), p < 0.05 between Female_Con vs. Female_OVX; (c), p < 0.05 between Male_Con vs. Female_Con; (d), p < 0.05 between Group1; (e), p < 0.05 between Male_Con vs. Male_AOM/DSS; (f), p < 0.05 between Male_AOM/DSS vs. Male_AOM/DSS/E2; (g), p < 0.05 between Group2 (Supplementary Table 1, 2). Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of (g) Group 1 and (h) Group 2 mice. *, p < 0.05 for comparison between Male_AOM/DSS vs. Male_AOM/DSS/E2. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Whiskers show the minimum and maximum values. Con, control; E2, 17β-Estradiol; OVX, ovariectomized; AOM, azoxymethane; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium salt.