Figure 1

System architectures of collaborative learning approaches for multi-institutional collaborations. The current paradigm for multi-institutional collaborations, based on Centralized Data Sharing, is shown in (a), whereas in (b) we note the proposed paradigm, based on Federated Learning. Panels (c) and (d) offer schematics for alternative data-private collaborative learning approaches evaluated in this study, namely Institutional Incremental Learning, and Cyclic Institutional Incremental Learning, respectively.