Table 2 Factors associated with a risk of osteoporosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Variable	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variable	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age per 5 years	1.17 (1.04–1.32)	0.010	1.16 (1.02–1.31)	0.022	1.17 (1.02–1.34)	0.029
Female	4.26 (2.50–7.26)	< 0.001	4.88 (2.79–8.51)	< 0.001	3.24 (1.69–6.18)	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m²
< 18.5	2.53 (1.26–5.10)	0.009	2.78 (1.35–5.73)	0.005	2.82 (1.25–6.38)	0.013
18.5–24.9	Reference		Reference		Reference
≥ 25	0.26 (0.13–0.53)	< 0.001	0.23 (0.11–0.48)	< 0.001	0.30 (0.14–0.66)	0.003
Dialysis vintage per year			1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.7	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	0.9
Hypertension			0.66 (0.02–20.90)	0.8	1.08 (0.03–35.80)	1.0
Cardiovascular disease			1.37 (0.79–2.38)	0.3	1.33 (0.72–2.46)	0.4
Diabetes mellitus			1.79 (0.96–3.32)	0.038	2.64 (1.31–5.34)	0.007
Albumin, g/dL					1.99 (0.80–4.97)	0.1
Sodium, mEq/L					1.02 (0.93–1.13)	0.6
Calcium, mg/dL					0.62 (0.36–1.06)	0.08
Phosphate, mg/dL					0.72 (0.54–0.95)	0.020
PTH, pg/mL
Q1					1.38 (0.61–3.09)	0.4
Q2					Reference
Q3					1.27 (0.56–2.85)	0.6
Q4					1.56 (0.69–3.55)	0.3
Kt/V ratios per 0.1					1.35 (1.13–1.61)	< 0.001
Ca-based P binders					0.41 (0.21–0.81)	0.011
Ca-free P binders					0.97 (0.54–1.74)	1.0
Active vitamin D analog					1.38 (0.65–2.94)	0.4
Calcimimetic					1.07 (0.59–1.92)	0.8
PPI					1.27 (0.71–2.27)	0.4

Multivariate logistic regression analysis for assessment of osteoporosis risk factors. Model 1, adjusted for age, sex, BMI. Model 2, age, sex, BMI, dialysis vintage year, hypertension, CVD, diabetes mellitus. Model 3, age, sex, BMI, dialysis vintage year, hypertension, CVD, diabetes mellitus, albumin, sodium, calcium, phosphate, iPTH, Kt/V ratios, CBPBs use, CBPB use, active vitamin D analogs use, calcimimetics use, and PPI use. Odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). P < 0.05 was considered significant. BMI, body mass index; Ca, calcium; P, phosphate; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; PTH, parathyroid hormone.

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