Figure 1
Mean multivariable-adjusted differences (95% CI) for 1-year changes in eGFR between the two highest and the lowest categories of caffeinated coffee consumption at baseline stratified by group. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet. Model adjusted (except the stratification factor itself) for sex (men or women), age (years, continuous), baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2, continuous), BMI (kg/m2, continuous), smoking (never, current, or former smoker), educational level (primary, secondary education or academic/graduate), physical activity (MET-min/day, continuous), type 2 diabetes prevalence (yes or no), dyslipidemia (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), center (four categories by number of recruited participants: < 200, 200–250, 250–300, or ≥ 300), intervention group (intervention or control group), MedDiet score (17-points, continuous), total energy intake (kcal/day, quartiles), dietary intakes of total protein, saturated fat, alcohol, fiber, sodium, magnesium, potassium (each categorized at energy-adjusted quartiles), 1-year changes in systolic blood pressure (mmHg, continuous), and 1-year changes in body weight (kg, continuous), decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption (cup/day, continuous). All analyses were conducted with robust estimates of the variance to correct for intra-cluster correlation. aP < 0.05 (compared to the reference group). The standard serving size of 1 cup was defined as 50 mL in the questionnaire. (StataCorp. 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. https://www.stata.com).
